All policies / Buildings / CAPMF_LABEL_APPL
Mandatory energy labelling of appliances
Instrument affecting the Buildings sector, using a standards mechanism; in force since 1995.
About this policy
The EU energy label must be displayed on appliances such as fridges, freezers, lamps and air conditioners, so buyers can compare efficiency.
About this type of instrument: performance standards and mandatory labelling
Energy use in durable goods responds weakly to prices because of imperfect information, limited attention and split incentives, for example between landlords and tenants. This is the so-called energy-efficiency gap. Standards remove the least efficient options from the market. Labels reduce search costs for buyers.
- Predictable performance outcomes
- Effective where price responsiveness is weak
- Drive technology diffusion across the EU single market
- Apply mainly to new stock, so effects accrue slowly with turnover
- Gaps between test-cycle and real-world performance
- Rebound effects
- Generally less cost-effective than an equivalent price signal
Measurement in this dataset. Implementation uses OECD indicators for building energy codes, minimum energy-performance standards and labels. Successive editions of each standard are grouped into one policy family. Bindingness is scored 1.0 (mandatory rule). Assumed timing profiles use long ramps reflecting stock turnover.
Year by year
Filled markers use a matched OECD score; hollow markers use assumed timing. Shaded bands show the policy's status. Select a year on the chart or the slider to see how its intensity is built up.
Data-quality notes
Methodological notes recorded for this series, grouped by theme.
Timing assumptions
- The start year is the first year with a positive OECD score, not a verified enactment date.
- The policy has no reported end date; its status after the reporting date is reconstructed as continuing.
Policy-specific notes
- A labelling requirement signals information, not a performance level.
Scoring conventions
- Bindingness is a normative score from the study rubric, not a measure of observed compliance.
- Coverage is an ordinal scope score, not a measured share of activity or emissions.
Selection context
- Policies were selected using recent (2024–2030) assessments, which can introduce retrospective selection bias.
Sources
- OECD. Climate Actions and Policies Measurement Framework (CAPMF) database, Ireland, 1990–2023. https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?df[ag]=OECD.ENV.EPI&df[id]=DSD_CAPMF@DF_CAPMF (accessed 25 September 2026)
- OECD. CAPMF database documentation. https://stats.oecd.org/wbos/fileview2.aspx?IDFile=447525d8-ef1f-411b-98ad-56a68d25b99f (accessed 25 September 2026)